Ulcerative Colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that primarily affects the large intestine (colon) and rectum. It is a condition where inflammation causes ulcers on the inner lining of the intestine, leading to symptoms that can range from mild to severe.
Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis
Symptoms of ulcerative colitis can appear gradually or suddenly and include:
• Bloody diarrhea: One of the most characteristic symptoms, where stools are accompanied by blood or mucus.
• Abdominal pain and cramps: Often accompanied by the urge to have a bowel movement.
• Feeling of incomplete evacuation: The sensation that bowel movements have not been fully completed.
• Weight loss and reduced appetite: Due to difficulty in digestion and absorption of nutrients.
• Fatigue: Caused by chronic inflammation and blood loss.
• Fever: May occur during flare-ups of the disease.Diagnosis of Ulcerative Colitis
Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and imaging techniques.
The main tests include:
• Colonoscopy: Examination of the colon and biopsies for analysis.
• Blood tests: To check for inflammatory markers and anemia.
• Imaging techniques: Such as CT or MRI scans to assess the extent of the disease.
Treatment
Α. Pharmacological Treatment
The treatment of ulcerative colitis depends on the severity and extent of the disease.
The main pharmacological treatments include:
1. Aminosalicylates (5-ASA): Used to reduce inflammation, especially in mild cases.
2. Corticosteroids: Used for managing flare-ups but not recommended for long-term use due to side effects.
3. Immunosuppressants: Such as azathioprine and methotrexate, which help reduce the immune response.
4. Biological agents: Medications like Vedolizumab, Ustekinumab, and Infliximab target specific molecules involved in the inflammatory response and are particularly effective in moderate to severe forms of the disease.
5. Newer Medications: Ozanimod, Upadacitinib.
B. Surgical Treatment
In severe cases or when pharmacological treatment is ineffective, surgical removal of the colon (colectomy) may be required. This surgery can cure the disease but may impact quality of life, depending on the method of digestive system reconstruction.
C. Diet and Supportive Care
Diet plays an important role in managing symptoms. During flare-ups, a special low-fiber diet or even complete parenteral nutrition may be needed. Lifestyle changes, such as stress management and avoiding specific foods, can help prevent flare-ups.
Conclusion Ulcerative colitis is a serious but manageable condition. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help achieve remission and improve patients’ quality of life. Close monitoring by a gastroenterologist is essential for effective disease management and prevention of complications.
