Definition:
A peptic ulcer is a lesion in the mucosa (internal lining) of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine (duodenum).
There are two main types of peptic ulcers:
1. Gastric Ulcer: Located in the stomach.
2. Duodenal Ulcer: Located in the duodenum.
Causes:
1. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori): A bacterial infection that is the most common cause of peptic ulcers.
2. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Medications like ibuprofen and aspirin can irritate the mucosa of the stomach or duodenum, leading to ulcers.
3. Other causes: Rarely, conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which causes excessive gastric acid production, can lead to ulcers.
Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, stress, and the intake of spicy foods can worsen the symptoms, though they are not primary causes of ulcers.
Symptoms:
• Colicky pain, primarily in the epigastric region
• Bloating and feeling of fullness
• Heartburn and indigestion
• Nausea or vomiting
• Weight loss
• Black or bloody stools (indicating bleeding)
Diagnosis:
1. Gastroscopy: Direct examination of the stomach and duodenum lining to identify and exclude ulcers. Biopsies can be taken to rule out an H. pylori infection.
2. Blood, stool, or breath tests: Used to detect H. pylori.
Treatment:
1. Antibiotic therapy: For a 10-day period to eradicate H. pylori.
2. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): To reduce acid production in the stomach.
3. Avoidance of NSAIDs: If they are the cause of the ulcer.
4. Dietary changes: Avoid smoking, alcohol, caffeine, and spicy foods.
Proper treatment can lead to the complete healing of a peptic ulcer and the prevention of complications, such as bleeding, perforation, and stenosis of the digestive tract.
